The Intergenerational Trauma How Conflict Trauma Echoes Across Generations and Communities

The Intergenerational Trauma: How Conflict Trauma Echoes Across Generations and Communities

When the guns fall silent, violence often continues—not as bombs or bullets, but as a slow, invisible leak across time. The child who never saw a battle may still carry its marks. The teenager born years after a massacre may still feel rage toward a neighbour’s family. The generation that rebuilt a shattered village may […]

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Neo-Marxist Theories of Underdevelopment and Dependency

Neo-Marxism Theories of Underdevelopment and Dependency

Neo-Marxism theories of underdevelopment and dependency appeared during the 1950s, partly as a reaction against the growth and modernization theories, partly as the outcome of a long-standing debate concerning the impact of imperialism. The early Neo-Marxist theories were primary known as dependency theories., They were to a large extent influenced by the Latin American structuralists

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Metropoles and Satellites

Metropoles and Satellites According to Baran

Introduction Andrea Gunder Frank, like Baran, was interested in identifying the causes of underdevelopment, but unlike his predecessor he did not lay great emphasis on the social classes and their control over the economic surplus. Rather, Frank argued that the crucial mechanism for extraction of the surplus was trade and other kinds of exchange of

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